Ball Sports
Football, rugby, and water polo were integrated into the Paris Olympic Games in 1900, basketball and handball in 1936 (Berlin), volleyball in 1964 (Tokyo), beach volleyball in 1996 (Atlanta), and 3×3 basketball in 2021 (Tokyo). These ball sports are also Paralympic disciplines: wheelchair basketball (1960, Rome), goalball (1976, Montreal), sitting volleyball (1980, Moscow), boccia (1984, Los Angeles), wheelchair rugby (2000, Sydney), blind football (2004, Athens).
Early History of Composites
Early History of Composites
- 2000s: Introduction of fibre composites in wheelchairs structural elements (fig. 1)
- 2006: Introduction of the Mercurial SL crafted almost entirely from carbon fibre composites
From then, Nike has consistently honed the design and composition of their shoe soles, exploring a range of composite materials including glass, carbon, and nylon fibres (fig. 2) - 2010: Adidas and Nike develop in parallel carbon shin guard (fig. 3)
Recent Development
Recent Developments
- Widely adopted carbon fibre composites insoles enhance properties like spring, propulsion, and heel stability in football, basketball, and handball footwear
- Fibre-reinforced composites play a crucial role in crafting tailor-made designs for elite athletes in sports wheelchairs
- Use of carbon fibre composite volley net poles on the rise (fig. 4)